Natural Disasters in Pakistan and Their Management Introduction Natural disasters are those events which occur because of extreme weather or some other natural causes. In Pakistan, many natural disasters have occurred and continue to happen yearly. These include floods, landslides, glacier lake outbursts (GLOFs), earthquakes, etc. A massive landslide which...
Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Its impacts are already felt and will worsen without urgent action to reduce emissions. Pakistan, a country with over 200 million people and one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, is highly vulnerable to climate change. The impacts on...
A story of Gastropods Fossils Gastropods are a mollusc type, meaning they’re part of the phylum Mollusca. They are characterized by having a single shell and an internal body cavity called a mantle, which usually has gills attached. They also have tentacles at the ends of their bodies, which they...
Types of Rocks on Earth Introduction Earth is made up of three types of rocks. Rocks are formed when Earth’s crust cools down and hardens into solid rock. The type of rock depends on what the molten material was made from, how much pressure it was under while cooling down...
How to prepare thin rock sections for sedimentology? Introduction The microscope is commonly used in sedimentology to analyse textures in rocks, minerals and fossils. It is most widely used to make thin sections of rocks, although other preparation methods, such as impregnating a polished block with resin, are also available....
Internal Structure of Earth Introduction The Earth comprises four layers: the crust, mantle, outer, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer of Earth and mostly solid, although some parts are semi-solid (like magma). The mantle is a semi-solid layer beneath the crust where volcanic activity occurs. The outer...
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